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1.
Gangemi, Amelia; Gragnani, Andrea; Dahò, Margherita; Buonanno, Carlo
Reducing probability overestimation of threatening events: An Italian study on the efficacy of cognitive techniques in non-clinical subjects Journal Article
In: Clinica, vol. 16, no 3, pp. 149-155, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tag: anxiety disorder, cognitive techniques, cognitive therapy, probability, Trait anxiety
@article{Gangemi2019,
title = {Reducing probability overestimation of threatening events: An Italian study on the efficacy of cognitive techniques in non-clinical subjects},
author = {Amelia Gangemi and Andrea Gragnani and Margherita Dahò and Carlo Buonanno},
editor = {Giovanni Fioriti Editore},
url = {https://apc.it/4_gangemietal-_clinical19-3-2/},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-06-01},
journal = {Clinica},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {149-155},
abstract = {Objectives: Our study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy and stability of the “Pie Technique”, “Cumulative Probability” and “Inverted Pyramid”, cognitive techniques applied in a clinical context to reduce overestimation of the probability of threatening events.
Method: 319 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of 8 groups. Groups differed on the level of trait anxiety (high vs. low), and on the cognitive techniques they were to receive (Pie Technique, Cumulative Probability, Inverted Pyramid, Control task). All groups were exposed to an intervention aimed at reassigning the initial probability estimate.
Results: In both high and low trait anxiety individuals, all the techniques successfully produced a statistically significant reduction in the estimation of the perceived probability, while no significant outcome was found in the control task group. This effect was significantly maintained at a 4 week follow up.
Conclusions: Our study shows that the Pie Technique, the Cumulative Probability and the Inverted Pyramid reduce the estimation of the perceived probability of negative events occurring in both high and low trait anxiety individuals. This effect was considerably maintained at a 4 week follow up. The reduction should mainly be attributed to the technique’s power in contrasting the cognitive mechanism of hyper-focalization. The present study takes into account only general threatening events, and not threats specifically related to the different disorders. Moreover, it demonstrates that all the techniques are useful to reduce danger overestimation but in a group of non-clinical individuals. We can’t thus generalize our results to anxious patients.},
keywords = {anxiety disorder, cognitive techniques, cognitive therapy, probability, Trait anxiety},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Objectives: Our study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy and stability of the “Pie Technique”, “Cumulative Probability” and “Inverted Pyramid”, cognitive techniques applied in a clinical context to reduce overestimation of the probability of threatening events.
Method: 319 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of 8 groups. Groups differed on the level of trait anxiety (high vs. low), and on the cognitive techniques they were to receive (Pie Technique, Cumulative Probability, Inverted Pyramid, Control task). All groups were exposed to an intervention aimed at reassigning the initial probability estimate.
Results: In both high and low trait anxiety individuals, all the techniques successfully produced a statistically significant reduction in the estimation of the perceived probability, while no significant outcome was found in the control task group. This effect was significantly maintained at a 4 week follow up.
Conclusions: Our study shows that the Pie Technique, the Cumulative Probability and the Inverted Pyramid reduce the estimation of the perceived probability of negative events occurring in both high and low trait anxiety individuals. This effect was considerably maintained at a 4 week follow up. The reduction should mainly be attributed to the technique’s power in contrasting the cognitive mechanism of hyper-focalization. The present study takes into account only general threatening events, and not threats specifically related to the different disorders. Moreover, it demonstrates that all the techniques are useful to reduce danger overestimation but in a group of non-clinical individuals. We can’t thus generalize our results to anxious patients.
Method: 319 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of 8 groups. Groups differed on the level of trait anxiety (high vs. low), and on the cognitive techniques they were to receive (Pie Technique, Cumulative Probability, Inverted Pyramid, Control task). All groups were exposed to an intervention aimed at reassigning the initial probability estimate.
Results: In both high and low trait anxiety individuals, all the techniques successfully produced a statistically significant reduction in the estimation of the perceived probability, while no significant outcome was found in the control task group. This effect was significantly maintained at a 4 week follow up.
Conclusions: Our study shows that the Pie Technique, the Cumulative Probability and the Inverted Pyramid reduce the estimation of the perceived probability of negative events occurring in both high and low trait anxiety individuals. This effect was considerably maintained at a 4 week follow up. The reduction should mainly be attributed to the technique’s power in contrasting the cognitive mechanism of hyper-focalization. The present study takes into account only general threatening events, and not threats specifically related to the different disorders. Moreover, it demonstrates that all the techniques are useful to reduce danger overestimation but in a group of non-clinical individuals. We can’t thus generalize our results to anxious patients.
2.
Luppino, Olga Ines; Tenore, Katia; Mancini, Francesco; Basile, Barbara
A theorical integration of Schema Therapy and Cognitive Therapy in OCD tratment: goals and beliefs of the Obsessive Mind (part 1) Journal Article
In: Psychology, vol. 9, no 9, pp. 2261-2277, 2018, ISSN: 2152-7199.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tag: cognitive therapy, Deontological guilt, Disgust, obsessive-compulsive disorder
@article{Luppino2018,
title = {A theorical integration of Schema Therapy and Cognitive Therapy in OCD tratment: goals and beliefs of the Obsessive Mind (part 1)},
author = {Olga Ines Luppino and Katia Tenore and Francesco Mancini and Barbara Basile},
editor = {Scientific Research Publishing},
url = {https://apc.it/2018-a-theoretical-integration-part-1/},
doi = {http://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.99129},
issn = {2152-7199},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-11},
journal = {Psychology},
volume = {9},
number = {9},
pages = {2261-2277},
abstract = {The present work is the first of a trilogy of articles whose purpose, as a whole, is to present a theoretical conceptualization of OCD functioning, which results from the integration between the Cognitive Therapy model, as proposed by Mancini (2018), and the Schema Therapy Mode model. In particular, this first paper aims to synthetically present the cognitive model of OCD functioning.
According to the frame offered by Mancini, we will provide some evidence demonstrating the central role of deontological guilt and disgust as proximal psychological determinants in the genesis and maintenance of obsessive symptoms. The theoretical assumptions and the dynamics of the recursive processes at the basis of the maintenance of OCD will be clarified
through a clinical exemplification and the clinical intervention goals will be presented. In order to plan an intervention on the experiences representing the historical vulnerability of OCD, the work also aims to present the important
role played by particular kinds of early experiences in sensitizing to deontological guilt and disgust. To summarize, the current work presents the theoretical bases of a cognitive OCD conceptualization, in terms of goals and beliefs that are the drivers of obsessive behaviors. This introduction is preparatory to our proposal of integration between the cognitive model and the Schema Therapy Mode model that will be developed in the next two articles.
},
keywords = {cognitive therapy, Deontological guilt, Disgust, obsessive-compulsive disorder},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The present work is the first of a trilogy of articles whose purpose, as a whole, is to present a theoretical conceptualization of OCD functioning, which results from the integration between the Cognitive Therapy model, as proposed by Mancini (2018), and the Schema Therapy Mode model. In particular, this first paper aims to synthetically present the cognitive model of OCD functioning.
According to the frame offered by Mancini, we will provide some evidence demonstrating the central role of deontological guilt and disgust as proximal psychological determinants in the genesis and maintenance of obsessive symptoms. The theoretical assumptions and the dynamics of the recursive processes at the basis of the maintenance of OCD will be clarified
through a clinical exemplification and the clinical intervention goals will be presented. In order to plan an intervention on the experiences representing the historical vulnerability of OCD, the work also aims to present the important
role played by particular kinds of early experiences in sensitizing to deontological guilt and disgust. To summarize, the current work presents the theoretical bases of a cognitive OCD conceptualization, in terms of goals and beliefs that are the drivers of obsessive behaviors. This introduction is preparatory to our proposal of integration between the cognitive model and the Schema Therapy Mode model that will be developed in the next two articles.
According to the frame offered by Mancini, we will provide some evidence demonstrating the central role of deontological guilt and disgust as proximal psychological determinants in the genesis and maintenance of obsessive symptoms. The theoretical assumptions and the dynamics of the recursive processes at the basis of the maintenance of OCD will be clarified
through a clinical exemplification and the clinical intervention goals will be presented. In order to plan an intervention on the experiences representing the historical vulnerability of OCD, the work also aims to present the important
role played by particular kinds of early experiences in sensitizing to deontological guilt and disgust. To summarize, the current work presents the theoretical bases of a cognitive OCD conceptualization, in terms of goals and beliefs that are the drivers of obsessive behaviors. This introduction is preparatory to our proposal of integration between the cognitive model and the Schema Therapy Mode model that will be developed in the next two articles.
3.
Tenore, Katia; Basile, Barbara; Mancini, Francesco; Luppino, Olga Ines
A Theoretical Integration of Schema Therapy and Cognitive Therapy in OCD Treatment: Conceptualization and Rationale (Part II) Journal Article
In: Psychology, vol. 9, no 9, pp. 2278-2295, 2018, ISBN: 2152-7199.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tag: Acceptance, cognitive therapy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Schema therapy
@article{Tenore2018,
title = {A Theoretical Integration of Schema Therapy and Cognitive Therapy in OCD Treatment: Conceptualization and Rationale (Part II)},
author = {Katia Tenore and Barbara Basile and Francesco Mancini and Olga Ines Luppino},
editor = {Scientific Research Publishing},
url = {https://apc.it/2018-a-theoretical-integration-part-2/},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.99130},
isbn = {2152-7199},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-11},
journal = {Psychology},
volume = {9},
number = {9},
pages = {2278-2295},
abstract = {Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been identified as the first choice treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Although a significant proportion of patients benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, another still fails to respond to CBT. To improve outcomes, new targets of intervention have been broadened, but no clear and comprehensive conceptualizations of the disorder have been suggested. In the last few years, in the context of Schema Therapy (ST), several specific models have been proposed for the treatment of Axis I diagnostic categories (according to the classification of DSM IV), in addition to the more well-known conceptualizations related to Personality Disorders. Concerning OCD, several studies have investigated the effectiveness of ST in the treatment of OCD, but only few have tried to elaborate a
conceptualization of the disorder in terms of modes. This lack of knowledge and shared conceptualization might lead to difficulties in planning and evaluating effective interventions. The aim of this work is to present a conceptualization of the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder that results from the integration
between the Cognitive Therapy framework, as proposed by Mancini and
collaborators, and the framing in terms of modes, in line with ST, starting
from the research data available. In particular, the rationale of the intervention
will be proposed, aimed at accepting the risk of committing mistakes or
of coming into contact with disgusting substances. This general aim will then
be articulated in sub-aims, which may direct it, in a more specific way, on the
basis of the different modes that characterize the experience of obsessive patients},
keywords = {Acceptance, cognitive therapy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Schema therapy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been identified as the first choice treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Although a significant proportion of patients benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, another still fails to respond to CBT. To improve outcomes, new targets of intervention have been broadened, but no clear and comprehensive conceptualizations of the disorder have been suggested. In the last few years, in the context of Schema Therapy (ST), several specific models have been proposed for the treatment of Axis I diagnostic categories (according to the classification of DSM IV), in addition to the more well-known conceptualizations related to Personality Disorders. Concerning OCD, several studies have investigated the effectiveness of ST in the treatment of OCD, but only few have tried to elaborate a
conceptualization of the disorder in terms of modes. This lack of knowledge and shared conceptualization might lead to difficulties in planning and evaluating effective interventions. The aim of this work is to present a conceptualization of the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder that results from the integration
between the Cognitive Therapy framework, as proposed by Mancini and
collaborators, and the framing in terms of modes, in line with ST, starting
from the research data available. In particular, the rationale of the intervention
will be proposed, aimed at accepting the risk of committing mistakes or
of coming into contact with disgusting substances. This general aim will then
be articulated in sub-aims, which may direct it, in a more specific way, on the
basis of the different modes that characterize the experience of obsessive patients
conceptualization of the disorder in terms of modes. This lack of knowledge and shared conceptualization might lead to difficulties in planning and evaluating effective interventions. The aim of this work is to present a conceptualization of the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder that results from the integration
between the Cognitive Therapy framework, as proposed by Mancini and
collaborators, and the framing in terms of modes, in line with ST, starting
from the research data available. In particular, the rationale of the intervention
will be proposed, aimed at accepting the risk of committing mistakes or
of coming into contact with disgusting substances. This general aim will then
be articulated in sub-aims, which may direct it, in a more specific way, on the
basis of the different modes that characterize the experience of obsessive patients
4.
Basile, Barbara; Luppino, Olga Ines; Mancini, Francesco; Tenore, Katia
In: Psychology, vol. 9, no 9, pp. 2296-2311, 2018, ISSN: 2152-7199.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tag: Acceptance, Chairwork, cognitive therapy, Imagery with Rescripting, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Schema therapy
@article{Basile2018b,
title = {A Theoretical Integration of Schema Therapy and Cognitive Therapy in OCD Treatment: Experiential Techniques and Cognitive-Based Interventions in Action (Part III)},
author = {Barbara Basile and Olga Ines Luppino and Francesco Mancini and Katia Tenore},
editor = {Scientific Research Publishing},
url = {https://apc.it/2018-a-theoretical-integration-part-3/},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.99131},
issn = {2152-7199},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-11},
journal = {Psychology},
volume = {9},
number = {9},
pages = {2296-2311},
abstract = {This final article is part of the trilogy presenting a possible integration of Schema Therapy (ST) and Cognitive Therapy (CT) in Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) treatment. It aims at describing how experiential and cognitive based acceptance techniques might be applied to treat this psychopathological condition. In the first article published in this special issue ( Luppino et al., 2018 ) we reported the main data supporting the role of proximal psychological determinants in the genesis and maintenance of the obsessive symptomatology, highlighting the role of deontological guilt and disgust, and of the Not Just Right Experience. According to these, we described the internal profile of the disorder as conceptualized by Mancini’s (2018)cognitive model. In the second manuscript ( Tenore et al., 2018 ) we proposed a conceptualization of OCD, in terms of schemas and modes (as proposed by ST), integrating it with the previously described cognitive model. In agreement with these two articles, the aim of this work is to explain how experiential and cognitive techniques can be integrated to explain obsessive functioning and to achieve a successful treatment. We first describe emotion focused-experiential procedures derived from the ST framework, specifically focusing on imagery techniques, such as diagnostic imagery, rescripting and Healthy Adult imagery. Secondly we explain how chairwork can be applied to change obsessive dysfunctional schema modes. Finally, we focus on cognitive based acceptance intervention aimed at reducing the typical feelings of deontological guilt and disgust, two core emotions in OCD. In the conclusion we briefly resume the major aspects proposed in the three articles, and we present some potential further applications of a joined approach applied to other psychopathological conditions.},
keywords = {Acceptance, Chairwork, cognitive therapy, Imagery with Rescripting, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Schema therapy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This final article is part of the trilogy presenting a possible integration of Schema Therapy (ST) and Cognitive Therapy (CT) in Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) treatment. It aims at describing how experiential and cognitive based acceptance techniques might be applied to treat this psychopathological condition. In the first article published in this special issue ( Luppino et al., 2018 ) we reported the main data supporting the role of proximal psychological determinants in the genesis and maintenance of the obsessive symptomatology, highlighting the role of deontological guilt and disgust, and of the Not Just Right Experience. According to these, we described the internal profile of the disorder as conceptualized by Mancini’s (2018)cognitive model. In the second manuscript ( Tenore et al., 2018 ) we proposed a conceptualization of OCD, in terms of schemas and modes (as proposed by ST), integrating it with the previously described cognitive model. In agreement with these two articles, the aim of this work is to explain how experiential and cognitive techniques can be integrated to explain obsessive functioning and to achieve a successful treatment. We first describe emotion focused-experiential procedures derived from the ST framework, specifically focusing on imagery techniques, such as diagnostic imagery, rescripting and Healthy Adult imagery. Secondly we explain how chairwork can be applied to change obsessive dysfunctional schema modes. Finally, we focus on cognitive based acceptance intervention aimed at reducing the typical feelings of deontological guilt and disgust, two core emotions in OCD. In the conclusion we briefly resume the major aspects proposed in the three articles, and we present some potential further applications of a joined approach applied to other psychopathological conditions.
5.
Johnson-Laird, Philippe N.; Mancini, Francesco; Gangemi, Amelia
A hyper-emotion theory of psychological illnesse Journal Article
In: Psychological Review 113, No. 4, 822–841, vol. 113, no 4, pp. 822–841, 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tag: cognitive therapy, Emotions, Psychological illnesses, reasoning, unconscious processes
@article{Johnson-Laird2006,
title = {A hyper-emotion theory of psychological illnesse},
author = {Philippe N. Johnson-Laird and Francesco Mancini and Amelia Gangemi},
editor = {the American Psychological Association},
url = {http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/papers/2006hyperemotiontheory.pdf},
doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.822},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Psychological Review 113, No. 4, 822–841},
volume = {113},
number = {4},
pages = {822–841},
abstract = {A “hyper-emotion” theory of psychological illnesses is presented. The theory postulates the processes that construct bodily feelings and basic emotions are computationally crude and outside voluntary control. Psychological illnesses have an onset in which a cognitive evaluation initiates a sequence of unconscious transitions yielding a basic emotion.
This emotion is appropriate for the situation but inappropriate in its intensity. Whenever it recurs, it leads individuals to focus on the precipitating situation, and to characteristic patterns of inference that can bolster the illness. Individuals with a propensity to psychological illness accordingly reason better than more robust individuals, but only on topics relevant to their illness. The theory is assessed in light of previous studies, a small epidemiological study of patients, and three empirical studies},
keywords = {cognitive therapy, Emotions, Psychological illnesses, reasoning, unconscious processes},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A “hyper-emotion” theory of psychological illnesses is presented. The theory postulates the processes that construct bodily feelings and basic emotions are computationally crude and outside voluntary control. Psychological illnesses have an onset in which a cognitive evaluation initiates a sequence of unconscious transitions yielding a basic emotion.
This emotion is appropriate for the situation but inappropriate in its intensity. Whenever it recurs, it leads individuals to focus on the precipitating situation, and to characteristic patterns of inference that can bolster the illness. Individuals with a propensity to psychological illness accordingly reason better than more robust individuals, but only on topics relevant to their illness. The theory is assessed in light of previous studies, a small epidemiological study of patients, and three empirical studies
This emotion is appropriate for the situation but inappropriate in its intensity. Whenever it recurs, it leads individuals to focus on the precipitating situation, and to characteristic patterns of inference that can bolster the illness. Individuals with a propensity to psychological illness accordingly reason better than more robust individuals, but only on topics relevant to their illness. The theory is assessed in light of previous studies, a small epidemiological study of patients, and three empirical studies