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1.
van den Hout, Marcel; Gangemi, Amelia; Mancini, Francesco; Engelhard, Iris M.; Rijkeboer, Marleen M.; van Dams, Marcel; Klugkist, Irene
Behavior as information about threat in anxiety disorders: A comparison of patients with anxiety disorders and non-anxious controls Journal Article
In: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, vol. 45, no 4, pp. 489 - 495, 2014, ISSN: 0005-7916.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tag: Anxiety disorders, Behavior as information, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Safety-seeking behaviors, Social phobia
@article{vandenHout2014489,
title = {Behavior as information about threat in anxiety disorders: A comparison of patients with anxiety disorders and non-anxious controls},
author = {Marcel van den Hout and Amelia Gangemi and Francesco Mancini and Iris M. Engelhard and Marleen M. Rijkeboer and Marcel van Dams and Irene Klugkist},
editor = {Elsevier},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791614000524, citation
https://apc.itwp-content/uploads/2013/03/replication-Gangemi.pdf, article},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.07.002 },
issn = {0005-7916},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry},
volume = {45},
number = {4},
pages = {489 - 495},
abstract = {AbstractBackground Gangemi, Mancini, and van den Hout (2012) argued that anxious patients use safety behaviors as information that the situation in which the safety behaviors are displayed is dangerous, even when that situation is objectively safe. This was concluded from a vignette study in which anxious patients and non-clinical controls rated the dangerousness of scripts that were safe or dangerous and in which the protagonist did or did not display safety behaviors. Patients were more likely to take safety behavior as evidence that the situation was dangerous, especially in safe situations. Their non-clinical group may not have been psychologically naïve. We critically replicated the Gangemi et al. study using a psychologically non-informed control group. Method The same materials were used and patients (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia; n = 30 per sub-group) were compared to matched non-patients. Using Bayesian statistics, data from the Gangemi et al. samples and the present groups were (re-)analyzed testing the hypothesis relative to non-patients, patients infer threat from safety behaviors, especially if displayed in safe situations. Results The Gangemi et al. data yielded a Bayes factor of 3.31 in support of the hypothesis. The present Bayes Factor was smaller (2.34), but strengthened the support for the hypothesis expressed by an updated Bayes factor of 3.31 × 2.34 = 7.75. Conclusions The finding that anxious patients infer threat from safety behaviors, in particular in safe contexts, was corroborated, suggesting one way in which safety behaviors are involved in the maintenance of anxiety disorders.},
keywords = {Anxiety disorders, Behavior as information, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Safety-seeking behaviors, Social phobia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
AbstractBackground Gangemi, Mancini, and van den Hout (2012) argued that anxious patients use safety behaviors as information that the situation in which the safety behaviors are displayed is dangerous, even when that situation is objectively safe. This was concluded from a vignette study in which anxious patients and non-clinical controls rated the dangerousness of scripts that were safe or dangerous and in which the protagonist did or did not display safety behaviors. Patients were more likely to take safety behavior as evidence that the situation was dangerous, especially in safe situations. Their non-clinical group may not have been psychologically naïve. We critically replicated the Gangemi et al. study using a psychologically non-informed control group. Method The same materials were used and patients (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia; n = 30 per sub-group) were compared to matched non-patients. Using Bayesian statistics, data from the Gangemi et al. samples and the present groups were (re-)analyzed testing the hypothesis relative to non-patients, patients infer threat from safety behaviors, especially if displayed in safe situations. Results The Gangemi et al. data yielded a Bayes factor of 3.31 in support of the hypothesis. The present Bayes Factor was smaller (2.34), but strengthened the support for the hypothesis expressed by an updated Bayes factor of 3.31 × 2.34 = 7.75. Conclusions The finding that anxious patients infer threat from safety behaviors, in particular in safe contexts, was corroborated, suggesting one way in which safety behaviors are involved in the maintenance of anxiety disorders.
2.
Gangemi, Amelia; Mancini, Francesco; van den Hout, Marcel
Behavior as information: “If I avoid, then there must be a danger” Journal Article
In: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, vol. 43, no 4, pp. 1032 - 1038, 2012, ISSN: 0005-7916.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tag: Anxiety disorders, Behavior as information, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Safety-seeking behaviors, Social phobia
@article{Gangemi20121032,
title = {Behavior as information: “If I avoid, then there must be a danger”},
author = {Amelia Gangemi and Francesco Mancini and Marcel van den Hout},
editor = {Elsevier - ScienceDirect},
url = {https://apc.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/2012_Behavior%20as%20information_%20if%20i%20avoid%20then%20there%20must%20be%20a%20danger.pdf},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.04.005},
issn = {0005-7916},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry},
volume = {43},
number = {4},
pages = {1032 - 1038},
abstract = {Background and objectives Cognitive models of anxiety disorders view safety-seeking behaviors (i.e., avoidance, washing, etc.) as playing a crucial role in the maintenance of irrational fear. An explanation of how these behaviors may contribute to the maintenance of unrealistic beliefs is that patients use their safety behaviors as a source of information about the situation (behavior as information): the behavior is clear evidence of the danger. This study investigates whether, relative to non-clinical control participants, anxious participants actually infer danger on the basis of their safety behaviors, rather than on the basis of objective information. Methods Three groups of individuals affected by anxiety disorders (31 obsessive-compulsive participants, 22 panic participants, and 17 participants with social phobia) and a group (31) of non-clinical controls rated the danger perceived in scripts in which information about objective safety vs. objective danger, and safety behavior vs. no-safety behavior were systematically varied. Results As expected, anxious participants were influenced by both objective danger information and safety behavior information, while the non-clinical controls were mainly influenced by objective danger but not by safety behavior information. The effect was disturbance specific, but only for individuals with social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusions The tendency to infer danger on the basis of the use of safety behavior may play a role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders.},
keywords = {Anxiety disorders, Behavior as information, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Safety-seeking behaviors, Social phobia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background and objectives Cognitive models of anxiety disorders view safety-seeking behaviors (i.e., avoidance, washing, etc.) as playing a crucial role in the maintenance of irrational fear. An explanation of how these behaviors may contribute to the maintenance of unrealistic beliefs is that patients use their safety behaviors as a source of information about the situation (behavior as information): the behavior is clear evidence of the danger. This study investigates whether, relative to non-clinical control participants, anxious participants actually infer danger on the basis of their safety behaviors, rather than on the basis of objective information. Methods Three groups of individuals affected by anxiety disorders (31 obsessive-compulsive participants, 22 panic participants, and 17 participants with social phobia) and a group (31) of non-clinical controls rated the danger perceived in scripts in which information about objective safety vs. objective danger, and safety behavior vs. no-safety behavior were systematically varied. Results As expected, anxious participants were influenced by both objective danger information and safety behavior information, while the non-clinical controls were mainly influenced by objective danger but not by safety behavior information. The effect was disturbance specific, but only for individuals with social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusions The tendency to infer danger on the basis of the use of safety behavior may play a role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders.